This paper models digital skills dynamics in Hungary and the European Union with the use of Markov Chains, a new approach of capturing transitions between skill levels over time. Based on dataset from the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) for 2017–2022, the study reports large differences between Hungary and the EU averages in the fields of ICT training and specialization. Such trends and equilibriums give policymakers insights into the concrete actions needed to address skill gaps and further Hungary’s digital transformation. The results show the value of dynamic modeling in shaping future workforce strategies.
ESTABLISHING LOGISTICS START-UP COMPANIES: THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS
The article examines the macroeconomic role of institutions in encouraging logistics start-up companies in the transportation and warehousing sector. It assumes start-ups succeed better in countries with high-quality institutional systems. Using comparative analysis and econometric models, the study compares statistical data of EU member states, integrating indices like the World Governance Indicator and Human Development Index to demonstrate the crucial role of institutions in fostering successful logistics ventures.